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Reference Listing: Basic Rules

Annotation: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.east., APA seven), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found hither.

This resource, revised co-ordinate to the 7^thursdayedition APA Publication Manual, provides fundamental guidelines for constructing the reference pages of research papers. For more than information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (7^thursdayed.).

This page gives basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper. Most sources follow fairly straightforward rules. Still, considering sources obtained from academic journalscarry special weight in enquiry writing, these sources are field of study to special rules. Thus, this page presents basic guidelines for citing academic journals separate from its "ordinary" bones guidelines. This distinction is made clear below.

Annotation:Because the information on this page pertains to virtually all citations, we've highlighted one of import difference between APA 6 and APA seven with an underlined annotation written in red.

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Information technology provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the newspaper must announced in your reference list; too, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page split from the text of the essay; label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (practise Non underline or utilise quotation marks for the championship). All text should be double-spaced only like the rest of your essay.

Bones Rules for Well-nigh Sources

• All lines later the first line of each entry in your reference list should exist indented half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
• All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should exist provided first).
• Authors' starting time and middle names should be written as initials.
  • For case, the reference entry for a source written past Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M."
  • If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."
• Give the terminal name and kickoff/eye initials for all authors of a detail piece of work up to and including xx authors ( this is a new rule, every bit APA half dozen merely required the first vi authors ). Split up each author's initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last writer's proper noun. If there are 21 or more authors, apply an ellipsis (but no ampersand) later the 19th author, and and so add the terminal author's proper noun.
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized past the last name of the first author of each piece of work.
• For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological guild, from earliest to most recent.
• When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages,or other sources, capitalize merely the first letter of the outset word of the title and subtitle, the start word after a colon or a nuance in the championship, and proper nouns.
  • Note again that the titles of bookish journals are discipline to special rules. See section below.
• Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).
• Do non italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Bones Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

• Nowadays journal titles in full.
• Italicize periodical titles.
• Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
  • For example, you should applyPhiloSOPHIA instead ofPhilosophia,orPast & Present instead ofPast and Present.
• Capitalize all major words in thetitles of journals. Annotation that this differs from the rule for titling other mutual sources (like books, reports, webpages, and and so on) described to a higher place.
  • This distinction is based on the type of source existence cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources' titles do not.
• Capitalize the showtime word of the titles and subtitles ofjournal manufactures, as well as the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns.
• Exercise non italicize or underline the article title.
• Do not enclose the commodity title in quotes.
  • So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled "Deep Bluish: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench" that was published in the periodicalOceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication,you would write the commodity championship every bit follows:
    • Deep blueish: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
  • ...simply you would write the periodical title as follows:
    • Oceanographic Written report: A Peer-Reviewed Publication

Please note:While the APA transmission provides examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If y'all must cite a source that APA does non address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source and using that format. For more information, come across page 282 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7^th ed.

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Source: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_basic_rules.html

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